Note: Being familiar with Row, Column, and Expanded is useful, but not required, for this article.

As a Flutter developer, you’ve probably run into issues where an image is cut off (or not even visible) on your app. Maybe you got the “viewport was given unbounded height” error.” In fact, the two most frequent types of Flutter errors are both problems with layout: widget overflow and “renderbox not laid out” issues. You’re not alone in running into layout problems, but, where do you go to solve them?

Fortunately, the Dart DevTool’s Flutter Inspector can help you understand why they occur and also how you can solve them. In this article, you learn how to use the tool by debugging 3 common layout issues. So, the next time you encounter an issue, you can solve it like a pro!

Table of Contents

1. What is the Flutter Inspector?

2. The debugging adventure

   • Overflow

   • Unbounded height error

   • Invisible VerticalDivider

3. Summary

What is the Flutter Inspector?

The Flutter Inspector is a tool (part of the Dart DevTools suite) for exploring and visualizing widget trees. It’s perfect for discovering the ins and outs of your app layout. Take a peek at the tool in the following GIF:

With the inspector, you can select widgets on the app or even remove the debug banner. It’s got you covered whether you’re wondering why your widget is invisible or curious about how adding flex to a Row’s child affects the UI. The article focuses on the following features:

• Details Tree — Enables you to examine the properties of each widget. You can examine a widget’s actual size and see how constraints are passed down from the parent widget.
• Layout Explorer — Enables you to visualize Flex widgets (Row, Column, Flex) and their children. Adjusting the flex, fit, and axis alignment allow you to see the changes on your running app.

At this point, you might be wondering, “How do I try this awesome tool?” Just run Dart DevTools on the app, and the Inspector is the first tool you see. For more information, see how to run Dart DevTools from your IDE or the command line.

The debugging adventure 🤠

Let’s start with a demo app containing 3 layout problems that you will debug. You’ll use the Flutter Inspector to debug each issue separately and combine the fixed issues at the end to complete a simple menu app that looks like the following screenshot

Use the following steps when approaching a layout issue. To help you remember, use the COIN acronym. Who coined this term? I did, just now.

1. Check the error message on the debug console to identify the error type and error-causing widget.
2. Open the Layout Explorer to visualize a Flex widget and its children.
3. Inspect the size and constraints of the error-causing widget and its parent/children with the Details Tree.
4. Navigate back to your code and fix the issue.

It’s best if you follow along the rest of the article on your own computer. So, open your favorite text editor or IDE, and let’s go on this adventure together!

1. Create a new Flutter project called menu.

$ flutter create menu

2. Replace the lib/main.dart file content. Each layout issue is separated into its own Example class in the code, starting with Example1 in the body of the app. Replace lib/main.dart with the following code:

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(Menu());
}

class MenuItem extends StatelessWidget {
  const MenuItem(this.icon, this.itemText);
  final String icon;
  final String itemText;
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListTile(
      leading: Text(
        icon,
        style: TextStyle(
          fontSize: 30.0,
        ),
      ),
      title: Text(itemText),
    );
  }
}

class Menu extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'Flutter Demo',
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('Menu Demo'),
        ),
        body: Padding(
          padding: EdgeInsets.all(20.0),
          child: Column(
            children: [
              // Modify code here
              Example1(),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

// Problem 1: Overflow error
class Example1 extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: EdgeInsets.only(bottom: 30.0),
      child: Row(
        children: [
          Text(
            'Explore the restaurant\'s delicious menu items below!',
            style: TextStyle(
              fontSize: 18.0,
            ),
          ),
        ],
      ),
    );
  }
}

// Problem 2: Viewport was given unbounded height error
class Example2 extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListView(
      children: [
        MenuItem('🍔', 'Burger'),
        MenuItem('🌭', 'Hot Dog'),
        MenuItem('🍟', 'Fries'),
        MenuItem('🥤', 'Soda'),
        MenuItem('🍦', 'Ice Cream'),
      ],
    );
  }
}

// Problem 3: Invisible VerticalDivider
class Example3 extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Row(
      mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
      children: [
        RaisedButton(
          onPressed: () {
            print('Pickup button pressed.');
          },
          child: Text(
            'Pickup',
          ),
        ),
        // This widget is not shown on screen initially.
        VerticalDivider(
          width: 20.0,
          thickness: 5.0,
        ),
        RaisedButton(
          onPressed: () {
            print('Delivery button pressed.');
          },
          child: Text(
            'Delivery',
          ),
        )
      ],
    );
  }
}

3. Run the app.

4. Open Dart DevTools.

Layout problem 1: Overflow error

When you run the app, you see a yellow and black diagonally striped box at the end of the line, similar to caution tape:

This means that there’s an overflow error — the most common Flutter layout error. Now, let’s follow the debugging steps to identify the problem and find the right fix.

1. Check the error message on the console.

Overflow error on the Debug Console

First, identify which widget is causing the problem The error message indicates that the Row on line 54 of main.dart is causing the problem. Because Row is a Flex widget (meaning thatRow extends the Flex class), you can examine it with the Layout Explorer.

2. Open the Layout Explorer.

Navigate to DevTools and open the Layout Explorer tab.

Click Row. (The numbers on the image correlate to the following steps.)

1. Red banners appear at the bottom, indicating that something is wrong. When you take a closer look at the banners, you realize that Text (width = 447) is wider than the parent widget, Row (width=335), causing the overflow error.
2. You need a way to tell Text that it can only be as wide as Row and no more. Try adjusting the flex of Text to 1. (This is similar to wrapping Text with Expanded.) As a result, the Text shrinks, and the red banners disappear. Phew, it looks like it’s fixed. Not quite! You still have to update the code because the tool doesn’t touch your code. It just shows what would happen if you changed some layout properties.

Aside: You might wonder, why aren’t all of Row’s and Column’s children Expanded by default?

The Flutter team made that design decision. If all the children were Expanded by default, it creates other layout problems like some children being too squeezed or stretched.

3. Inspect the size and constraints with the Details Tree. In this scenario, you can skip this step because the problem has been identified.

4. Navigate back to the code and fix it.

Wrap Text with Expanded. The default flex is 1, so you don’t have to specify this property.

Layout problem 2: Unbounded height error

Let’s move on to the next example by replacing Example1() inside the Column with Example2() and hot reloading.

Column(
  children: [
    // Modify code here
    Example2(),
  ],
)

Nothing displays on the app, despite having a ListView with various menu items in the Example2 class:

What’s going on?

1. Check the error message on the console.

ListView on line 72 of main.dart is causing the “Vertical viewport was given unbounded height” error. At first glance, the terms vertical viewport and unbounded are unclear, so continue to the next step.

2. Open the Layout Explorer.

Navigate back to DevTools and open the Layout Explorer tab.

Refresh the tree by clicking on the refresh icon at the top. Nothing appears after clicking ListView because the Layout Explorer only supports Flex widgets and their direct children. Interestingly, clicking Example2 and Column doesn’t do the trick either — the Layout Explorer is still blank. Move on to the next step.

3. Inspect the size and constraints with the Details Tree.

Expand ListView’s first renderObject, which contains the information for painting the widget.

1. The orange text indicates the size is missing — no wonder the ListView is missing from the app.
2. After looking at the constraints property, notice that the height constraint is listed as infinity. The error message makes more sense now. ListView is a “viewport” given an unbounded — in other words infinite — height in its scrolling direction.

Constraints are passed down from the parent widget. So, here’s a snapshot of how the widgets determine their constraints:

Column: Take up as much height as you want.

ListView: Okay, I’ll take up all the space.

Column: Whoa, but that’s like infinity, dude.

And, the widgets don’t know what to do … size can’t be determined because ListView wants infinite height, which can’t be depicted on screen.

Aside: Why doesn’t Column just limit the height of its children to its own height?

You can end up in a situation where the first child takes up all the space, forcing the second child to have 0 height. And you wouldn’t immediately know about it because no errors are thrown.

4. Navigate back to your code and fix it.

class Example2 extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Expanded(
      child: ListView(
        ...
      ),
    );
  }
}

Remember from earlier that wrapping a widget with Expanded gives it a bounded constraint along the parent’s main axis (width for Row, height for Column). In this case, the parent is Column, so Expanded provides a height constraint. Wrap the ListView with Expanded, and hot reload to see the list show up on the app.

Layout problem 3: Invisible VerticalDivider

Now, replace Example2() in the Column with Example3().

Column(
  children: [
    // Modify code here
    Example3(),
  ],
)

Take a close look at the Example3 class in the code. Notice that the VerticalDivider exists, but only two buttons appear on the app after hot reloading:

Why is the VerticalDivider invisible?

1. Check the error message on the console. You didn’t get any error messages this time. Continue to the next step.

2. Open the Layout Explorer. Navigate back to DevTools and click on the Layout Explorer tab.

After refreshing the tree, click VerticalDivider and scroll to the right side of the Layout Explorer. Observe that VerticalDivider’s width and height are unconstrained.

1. Notice that the VerticalDivider’s height is 0, which explains why it isn’t displayed on the app.
2. Toggle the flex to 1, like you did before. The height remains 0. Wrapping a VerticalDivider with Expanded won’t do the job in this case because Expanded provides a width constraint, instead of a height constraint.
3. The next thing you might try is to stretch the height of the divider to the height of the raised buttons, so try setting the cross-axis alignment to stretch. The height remains 0, so move on to the next step.

3. Inspect the size and constraints with the Details Tree.

1. Open the first renderObject under VerticalDivider. The constraints property indicates that the widget has neither width nor height constraints, matching what the Layout Explorer displays. But, under additionalConstraints, the width is 20 (as explicitly defined in the sample code), but height still has no constraints. The width isn’t the problem here, so let’s focus on the height.
2. Go up to the parent widget, Row, and open the renderObject to see that Row also doesn’t have a height constraint.

Why?

The most important thing to remember is that constraints are passed down:

Column tells Row: Choose any height you want.

Row tells VerticalDivider: Choose any width you want. Because Column told me to choose my height, you can also choose your own height.

VerticalDivider: The width property is passed in, so my width is 20. I can choose my height, so I’ll default to 0.

4. Navigate back to your code and fix it.

class Example3 extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return SizedBox(
      height: 50.0,
      child: Row(
        ...
      ),
    );
  }
}

For VerticalDivider to have a height, a height constraint must be given. Wrap Row in SizedBox and give it a fixed height of 50.0. Doing so forces Row to pass a height constraint to the VerticalDivider.

Hot reload. Voila! VerticalDivider pops up on the screen.

Aside: VerticalDivider behaves differently from ListView because of their unique definitions. When told to choose their own heights, ListView wants to be as tall as possible whereas the VerticalDivider wants to be as short as possible. But, both need a height constraint to properly appear in the app!

Now, let’s put the fixed code from all 3 examples together inside the Column:

Column(
  children: [
    // Modify code here
    Example1(),
    Example2(),
    Example3(),
  ],
)

Hot reload. Congratulations, you completed the menu app!

Summary

Through this tutorial, you learned:

• Constraints are passed down the widget tree.
• Expandedprovides bounded constraints to a Row or Column’s child.
• Flutter Inspector is your best friend when dealing with layout issues.

To learn more, check out understanding constraints on flutter.dev.

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